Dr Robert Eves Hi, everyone. My name is Dr Robert Eves. I am the first author on the recently published paper, “Interactions Between Infant Characteristics and Parenting Factors Rarely Replicate Across Cohorts and Developmental Domains.” When we think about the interplay between environmental factors and infant characteristics, the most basic option or idea is that there are additive or independent effects. And so this means that the infant characteristic is important for developmental outcomes, the parenting factor is important for developmental outcomes, but they don’t interact with one another. In comparison, we have three different interaction models that we might want to consider diathesis stress, vantage sensitivity and differential susceptibility, as shown below. Understanding the interplay between infant characteristics and environmental factors is important on a theoretical level, understanding nature and nurture, but also on a practical level, if certain children are more sensitive to their environments, they may then benefit more from certain interventions. What we really want to investigate though are how replicable interaction effects are. When you do the same analysis in two different datasets, do you find the same specific type of interaction? Similarly, when you change the developmental outcome, do you find the same interaction effect? So, in our analysis, we consider two infant characteristics birthweight and temperament, two environmental factors sensitive or stimulating parenting that the child receives, and four developmental outcomes internalising or externalising behaviours, fluid or crystalised intelligence. And then we perform a regression with each unique permutation, so 16 regressions, in total, and what we’re really interested in is whether we find a significant interaction term between the infant characteristic and the environmental factor, and, specifically, is it the same type of interaction across datasets or across different developmental domains? We used data from four open access cohort studies. This was from the UK, Australia, USA and Ireland. In total, we had over 30,000 children followed until age five. Here is an overview of what we found when we used temperament as our infant characteristic. You can understand this figure a little bit like a forest plot from a meta-analysis, where each dot represents each cohort, and the diamond represents the pooled effect. What’s most interesting are rows three and row six, where we’re looking at the interaction terms, and you can see across each permutation whether we found additive effects, vantage sensitivity, diathesis stress, or differential susceptibility. Here is what happens when we instead use birthweight as our infant characteristic. In total, the results are quite similar, where we find more evidence of additive effects than anything else. However, I would like to raise one piece of interesting finding that we found, which was this cross-cohort consistent interaction effects of diathesis stress, when we consider birthweight and stimulating parenting predicting internalising behaviours. When we look to summarise our results, our most common finding was additive effects. This is where the infant characteristic and the environmental factor are both significantly associated with the developmental outcome, but they do not moderate one another. In contrast, we did find 31 cases where there were significant interactions, about half supporting diathesis stress, half supporting vantage sensitivity and, thus, very limited evidence for differential susceptibility. What this means is that parenting’s association with later child outcomes are largely not moderated by infant characteristics, which might indicate that parenting interventions should help all children similarly. However, one exception may be low birthweight infants receiving a lack of stimulating parenting may display particularly more internalising problems. A big thank you to all participants and Researchers from all the cohorts for their invaluable work, and thank you to you all for listening.